This problem has been described in full on the vbox-users mailing list.
http://vbox.innotek.de/pipermail/vbox-users/2008-May/003217.html
Since sending that post, I've downgraded to virtualbox 1.5.6, and things are
working just as they used to. This leads me to believe the problem is with
vbox 1.6.0 itself, and not with my hardware.
I also installed a winxp guest for testing purposes to see if I have the same
problem there, and the keyboard works just fine in the winxp guest under vbox
1.6.0. So, the problem seems to be with the gnu/linux guest only.
I've attached a log of my gnu/linux guest vm running under vbox 1.6.0. The
problem was so bad that I couldn't even type root <enter> my_password <enter>
in order to login, and shut down the machine properly via halt. I had to use
"vboxmanage controlvm debian poweroff".